Biography of Robert Fulton, Inventor of the Steamboat

Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765—February 24, 1815) was an American inventor and engineer who is best known for his role in developing the first commercially successful steamboat. America’s rivers opened to commercial trade and passenger transportation after Fultons steamboat, the Clermont, made its maiden voyage along the Hudson River in 1807. Fulton is also credited with inventing the Nautilus, one of the world’s first practical submarines. Fast Facts: Robert Fulton Known for: Developed the first commercially successful steamboatBorn: November 14, 1765 in Little Britain, PennsylvaniaParents: Robert Fulton, Sr. and Mary Smith FultonDied: February 24, 1815 in New York City, New YorkPatents: US Patent: 1,434X, Constructing boats or vessels which are to be navigated by the power of steam engines Awards and Honors: National Inventors Hall of Fame (2006)Spouse: Harriet LivingstonChildren: Robert Fulton, Julia Fulton, Mary Fulton, and Cornelia Fulton Early Life Robert Fulton was born on November 14, 1765, to Irish immigrant parents, Robert Fulton, Sr. and Mary Smith Fulton. The family lived on a farm in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, which was then still a British American colony. He had three sisters—Isabella, Elizabeth, and Mary—and a younger brother, Abraham. After their farm was foreclosed on and sold in 1771, the family moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Though he had been taught to read and write at home, Fulton attended a Quaker school in Lancaster at age eight. He then worked in a Philadelphia jewelry shop, where his skill at painting miniature portraits for lockets inspired the young Fulton to pursue a career as an artist. Fulton remained single until age 43 when in 1808, he married Harriet Livingston, the niece of his steamboat business partner, Robert R. Livingston. The couple had a son and three daughters together. From Artist to Inventor In 1786, Fulton moved to Bath, Virginia, where his portraits and landscapes were so well-appreciated that his friends urged him to study art in Europe. Fulton returned to Philadelphia, where he hoped his paintings would attract a sponsor. Impressed by his art, and hoping to improve the city’s cultural image, a group of local merchants paid Fulton’s fare to London in 1787. Though he was popular and well-received in England, Fulton’s paintings never earned him more than a meager living. At the same time, he had taken note of a series of recent inventions that propelled a boat with a paddle, which was moved back-and-forth by jets of water heated by a steam boiler. It occurred to Fulton that using steam to power several connected rotating paddles would move the boat more effectively—an idea he would later famously develop as the paddlewheel. By 1793, Fulton had approached both the British and United States governments with plans for steam-powered military and commercial vessels. In 1794, Fulton abandoned his career as an artist to turn to the very different, but potentially more profitable area of designing inland waterways. In his 1796 pamphlet, Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation, he proposed combining existing rivers with a network of manmade canals to connect towns and cities throughout England. He also envisioned methods for raising and lowering boats without the need for costly mechanical lock-and-dam complexes, specially-designed steamboats for carrying heavy cargo in shallow water, and designs for more stable bridges. While the British showed no interest in his canal network plan, Fulton succeeded in inventing a canal dredging machine and obtaining British patents for several other related inventions. The Nautilus Submarine Not daunted by England’s lack of enthusiasm for his canal ideas, Fulton remained dedicated to building a career as an inventor. In 1797, he went to Paris, where he approached the French government with an idea for a submarine he believed would help France in its ongoing war with England. Fulton suggested a scenario in which his submarine, the Nautilus, would maneuver undetected beneath British warships, where it could attach explosive charges to their hulls. â€Å"Should some vessels of war be destroyed by means so novel, so hidden and so incalculable the confidence of the seamen will vanish and the fleet rendered useless from the moment of the first terror.† —Robert Fulton, 1797 Considering the use of Fulton’s Nautilus submarine to be a cowardly and dishonorable way to fight, both the French government and Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte refused to subsidize its construction. After another failed attempt to sell the idea, Fulton was granted permission by the French Minister of Marine to build the Nautilus. Robert Fulton’s submarine Nautilus. Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain The first tests of the Nautilus were conducted on July 29, 1800, in the River Seine at Rouen. Based on the success of the trial dives, Fulton was granted permission to build a revised model of the Nautilus. Tested on July 3, 1801, Fulton’s improved Nautilus reached a then-remarkable depth of 25 feet (7.6 m) carrying a crew of three and remaining submerged for over four hours. Fulton’s Nautilus was eventually used in two attacks against British ships blockading a small harbor near Cherbourg. However, due to winds and tides, the British ships eluded the slower submarine. Designing the Steamboat In 1801, Fulton met then-U.S. ambassador to France Robert R. Livingston, a member of the committee that had drafted the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Before Livingston had come to France, his home state of New York had granted him the exclusive right to operate and profit from steamboat navigation on rivers within the state for a period of 20 years. Fulton and Livingston agreed to partner up in order to build a steamboat. On August 9, 1803, the 66-foot-long boat that Fulton designed was tested on the River Seine in Paris. Although the French-designed eight-horsepower steam engine broke the hull, Fulton and Livingston were encouraged that the boat had reached a speed of 4 miles per hour against the current. Fulton started designing a stronger hull and ordered parts for a 24-horsepower engine. Livingston also negotiated an extension of his New York steamboat navigation monopoly. In 1804, Fulton returned to London, where he tried to interest the British government on his design for a semi-submersible, steam-powered warship. However, after British Admiral Nelson’s decisive defeat of the French fleet at Trafalgar in 1805, the British government decided it could maintain its then undisputed mastery of the seas without Fulton’s unconventional and unproven steamships. At this point, Fulton was close to poverty, having spent so much of his own money on the Nautilus and his early steamboats. He decided to return to the United States. The Steamboat Clermont In December 1806, Fulton and Robert Livingston reunited in New York to resume work on their steamboat. By early August 1807, the boat was ready for its maiden voyage. The 142-foot-long, 18-foot-wide steamboat used Fulton’s innovative a one-cylinder, 19-horsepower condensing steam engine to drive two 15-foot-diameter paddlewheels, one on each side of the boat. On August 17, 1807, Fulton and Livingston’s North River Steamboat—later known as the Clermont—began its trial voyage up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. A crowd gathered to watch the event, but the onlookers expected the steamboat to fail. They jeered at the ship, which they called Fultons Folly. The ship stalled at first, leaving Fulton and his crew scrambling for a solution. A half-hour later, the steamboats paddlewheels were turning again, moving the ship steadily forward against the Hudson’s current. Averaging nearly 5 miles per hour, the steamboat completed the 150-mile trip in just 32 hours, compared to the four days required by conventional sailing ships. The downstream return trip was completed in just 30 hours. Clermont, the first steam ship, designed by Robert Fulton, 1807. Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images In a letter to a friend, Fulton wrote of the historic event, â€Å"I had a light breeze against me the whole way, both going and coming, and the voyage has been performed wholly by the power of the steam engine. I overtook many sloops and schooners, beating to the windward, and parted with them as if they had been at anchor. The power of propelling boats by steam is now fully proved.† With the addition of additional sleeping berths and other improvements, Fulton’s North River Steamboat began scheduled service on September 4, 1807, carrying passengers and light freight between New York and Albany on the Hudson River. During its initial season of service, the North River Steamboat suffered repeated mechanical problems, caused mainly by the captains of rival sail-powered boats who accidentally† rammed its exposed paddlewheels. During the winter of 1808, Fulton and Livingston added metal guards around the paddlewheels, improved the passenger accommodations, and re-registered the steamboat under the name North River Steamboat of Clermont—soon shortened to simply Clermont. By 1810, the Clermont and two new Fulton-designed steamboats were providing regular passenger and freight service on New York’s Hudson and Raritan rivers. The New Orleans Steamboat From 1811 to 1812, Fulton, Livingston, and fellow inventor and entrepreneur Nicholas Roosevelt entered into a new joint venture. They planned to build steamboat capable of traveling from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, a journey of over 1,800 miles through the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. They named the steamboat New Orleans. Just eight years after the United States acquired the Louisiana Territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase, the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers were still largely unmapped and unprotected. The route from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Cairo, Illinois, on the Ohio River required the steamboat to navigate the treacherous â€Å"Falls of the Ohio† near Louisville, Kentucky—a 26-foot elevation drop in about one mile.   Route of the maiden voyage of the steamboat New Orleans. Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain The New Orleans steamboat left Pittsburgh on October 20, 1811, and arrived in New Orleans on January 18, 1812. While the trip down the Ohio River was uneventful, navigating the Mississippi River proved a challenge. On December 16, 1811, the great New Madrid earthquake, centered near New Madrid, Missouri, altered the position of previously-mapped river landmarks, such as islands and channels, making navigation difficult. In many places, trees downed by the earthquake formed dangerous, constantly moving â€Å"snags† in the river channel that blocked the ships path.  Ã‚   The successful—albeit harrowing—first voyage of Fulton’s New Orleans proved that steamboats could survive the numerous perils to navigation on America’s western rivers. Within a decade, Fulton-inspired steamboats would be serving as the main means of passenger and freight transportation throughout America’s heartland. First Steam-Powered Warship When the English navy began to blockade U.S. ports during the War of 1812,  Fulton was hired by the U.S. government to design what would become the world’s first steam-powered warship: the Demologos. Essentially a floating, mobile gun battery, Fulton’s 150-foot-long Demologos featured two parallel hulls with its paddle wheel protected between them. With its steam engine in one hull and its boiler in the other, the heavily armed, armor-clad vessel weighed in at a hefty 2,745 displacement tons, thus limiting it to a tactically dangerous slow speed of about 7 miles-per-hour. Though it underwent successful sea trials during October 1814, the Demologos was never used in battle. Robert Fulton’s steam-powered warship Demologos. Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain When peace came in 1815, the U.S. Navy decommissioned the Demologos. The ship made its last voyage under its own power in 1817, when it carried President James Monroe from New York to Staten Island. After its steam engines were removed in 1821, it was towed to the Brooklyn Navy Yard, where it served as a receiving ship until it was accidentally destroyed by an explosion in 1829. Later Life and Death From 1812 until his death in 1815, Fulton spent most of his time and money engaged in legal battles protecting his steamboat patents. A series of failed submarine designs, bad investments in art, and never-repaid loans to relatives and friends further depleted his savings. In early 1815, Fulton was soaked with icy water while rescuing a friend who had fallen through the ice while walking on the frozen Hudson River. Suffering a severe chill, Fulton contracted pneumonia and died on February 24, 1815, at age 49 in New York City. He is buried in the Trinity Episcopal Church Cemetery on Wall Street in New York City. Upon learning of Fulton’s death, both houses of the New York State legislature voted to wear black mourning clothes for the next six weeks—the first time such a tribute had ever been paid to a private citizen. Legacy and Honors By enabling affordable and dependable transportation of raw materials and finished goods, Fulton’s steamboats proved essential to the American industrial revolution. Along with ushering in the romantic era of luxurious riverboat travel, Fulton’s boats contributed significantly to America’s westward expansion. In addition, his developments in the area of steam-powered warships would help the United States Navy become a dominant military power. To date, five U.S. Navy ships have born the name USS Fulton. Robert Fulton 5 cent United States commemorative postage stamp. Getty Images Today, Fulton’s statue is among those displayed in the National Statuary Hall Collection inside the U.S. Capitol. At the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Fulton Hall houses the Department of Marine Engineering. Along with telegraph inventor Samuel F. B. Morse, Fulton is depicted on the reverse of the 1896 United States $2 Silver Certificate. In 2006, Fulton was inducted into the â€Å"National Inventors Hall of Fame† in Alexandria, Virginia. Sources Dickinson, H. W. â€Å"Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works.† University Press of the Pacific, 1913.Sutcliffe, Alice Crary. â€Å"Robert Fulton and The Clermont.† The Century Co., 1909.Latrobe, John H.B. â€Å"A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steamboat.† Maryland Historical Society, 1871, http://www.myoutbox.net/nr1871b.htm Przybylek, Leslie. â€Å"The Incredible Journey of the Steamboat New Orleans.† Senator John Heinz History Center, October 18, 2017, https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/western-pennsylvania-history/the-incredible-journey-of-the-steamboat-new-orleans. Canney, Donald L. â€Å"The Old Steam Navy, Volume One: Frigates, Sloops, and Gunboats 1815-1885.† Naval Institute Press, 1990.

How the Great Gatsby and a Clockwork Orange show...

Through literature, many authors have attempted to represent the societies in which they live and what they think society may become in the future if things continue to be looked over such as political corruption. This is clear in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel ‘The Great Gatsby’. Fitzgerald tries to encapsulate the corruption that lay beneath the extravagance of society in the roaring twenties. In contrast, Burgess’s novel, ‘A Clockwork Orange’, depicts a futuristic society in which the novelist fears about mankind’s capacity for corruption are explored. In both novels, it is made quite clear from the introductions, that society is corrupt. The corruption of society is introduced more subtly in ‘The Great Gatsby’, compared to ‘A†¦show more content†¦The use of the phrase â€Å"viddy him swim in his own blood while we counted the takings†, shows how criminals such as Alex and his â€Å"droogs†, can get away with such vicious acts of crime so often that it has become a hobby for them as they take so much enjoyment from the acts. Also the casual tone depicted from the text suggests the careless nature that Alex has towards the vulgar acts. These combined together add to the theme of corruption in society in ‘A Clockwork Orange’. It is also clear from both novels that the main characters are severely corrupt. The characters are both part of society in the books and therefore, add to the emphasis on a corrupt society. There is speculation in the novel as how to Gatsby came into his wealth. There are many indications from people whom attend his parties, as to where the wealth stemmed from, crime. It is even said that Somebody told me they thought he killed a man once. Others say that its more that he was a German spy during the war. The word â€Å"spy† suggests something corrupt about his new found fortune as it has connotations of him being secretive yet violent. This shows a corrupt society because people are speculating about Gatsby’s wealth, with thoughts of him being a criminal, yet still attend his parties. Another connotation of people attending his

Market Research and Consumer Behavior

Question: Summarize the article on marketing research and analyze organizations use of qualitative, quantitative or both types of research. Answer: The aim of the assignment is to summarize the article on marketing research and analyze organizations use of qualitative, quantitative or both types of research. The author chooses to evaluate an article titled Why Localizing Marketing Doesnt always work by Niraj Dawar. Localizing the global marketing brand is one of the most controversial debates in large multinational organizations. The consumers are an important part of an organization and greatly influence the functioning of markets. Branding is influenced by many factors such as consumer habits, consumers tastes and preferences, media retail trade and consumer lifestyle. The argument of the marketers is that they lose local consumers due to achieving global branding efficiency (Dawar, 2016). Analysis has showed that consumers are different across markets and countries and is greatly influenced by product packaging and advertising execution. The research is related to the behavior of consumers and the factors that affect their pu rchasing decision. Quality and price of the product influences the purchasing decision of consumers. The author has used both the qualitative and quantitative methodology to conduct the research. Qualitative analysis is used to describe the theoretical concept of marketing and consumer behaviors while quantitative analysis is used to test the hypothesis framed and analyze the data. The hypothesis framed is related to analyzing the consumers in Michigan and the way they are different from those in bordering Ontario. The article uses a large sample size to test the significance. The test says that the result of the hypothesis is different for every time it is tested (Babin, 2016). The research shows that consumers are same across the nation and the cultural boundaries as the basis needs of all the humans is same. The qualitative study is used to support the quantitative study. The universal needs of human are a desire for security, a sense of belonging and fulfill the desire of the family. Hence, the article summarizes the statistical tools used to conduct the market research and describes the findings of the results (Silecchia et al., 2016). Relevance of the topic The topic is in relevance with the operations of todays organizations. Since many organizations spend much amount of money in promotion, advertisement, packaging, branding and localizing it is also essential for the marketers to understand the behavior of consumers in the market. Various factors affect the purchasing decision of consumers. The decision of localizing the brand should greatly depend on the consumers and their behavior. The research shows that if large sample size is taken then the test shows that there is a significant difference in consumers across borders (Gollwitzer et al., 2016). Business opinion of the significance The tests suggest that since all the humans have basis needs of fulfilling its desire the behavior of customers is same in cultural boundaries and nations. The larger the sample the larger is the differences in the significance. The markets and media are becoming global tat is hampering the local customers. Hence localizing marketing doesnt always work due to differences in the behavior of customers. References Babin, B. J. (2016). Special Session Title: Looking Forward and Back at Survey Research Response Issues in Marketing Research. InLooking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing(pp. 711-711). Springer International Publishing. Dawar, N. (2016). Why Localizing Marketing Doesnt Always Work. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 30 September 2016, from https://hbr.org/2016/09/why-localizing-marketing-doesnt-always-work Gollwitzer, P., Bieleke, M., Sheeran, P. (2016). Enhancing consumer behavior with implementation intentions. InRoutledge Taylor Francis Group. Silecchia, L. A., Carothers, L., Perciasepe, B., Farrell, C. (2016). The Morality of Market Mechanisms.Environmental Law Reporter,46, 10006.

Wretched and Divine The Story of the Wild Ones by Black Veil Brides free essay sample

Wretched and Divine: The Story of the Wild Ones was released three months ago, and has soared greatly among the charts. The album is pretty much a literal story through music. New instruments were used for this album and it turned out to be a wonderful hit. For those who do own the album, and understand it, you have my respect and are true music lovers. Let’s move onto the tracks of the album. Exordium is the first song on the album and also states how people see God, rather than other’s do. The following tracks in the album talk of how the battle with the church called F.E.A.R. and also there are tracks that represent the church. â€Å"I Am Bulletproof New Years Day F.E.A.R. Transmission 1: Stay Close Wretched and Divine We Dont Belong F.E.A.R. Transmission 2: Trust Devils Choir Resurrect the Sun Overture Shadows Die Abeyance Days Are Numbered (feat. We will write a custom essay sample on Wretched and Divine: The Story of the Wild Ones by Black Veil Brides or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bert McCracken of The Used) Done for You Nobodys Hero Lost It All (feat. Roberta Freeman and Juliet Simms of Automatic Loveletter) F.E.A.R. Transmission 3: As War Fades In the End – Has become a nationwide hit for many people of all ages, and those who even do not like the band. F.E.A.R. Final Transmission All in all I do believe this album is truly daring and a taste of what people needed to hear. Most believe the band is satanic and this whole album proves the believers wrong. Now let’s hear some of your comments to the album. Thanks for reading, Different Perspective.

Latin American Abortions essays

Latin American Abortions essays Latin America and Caribbean nations are estimated to have some of the highest numbers of abortion worldwide, despite also having some of the most restrictive abortion laws. Most of these countries allow abortion only to save a woman's life, and a couple of them prohibit abortion under any circumstances. As a result, abortion is a main cause of maternal mortality, constituting nearly 50 percent of maternal mortality in some countries and 21 percent in the region as a whole. Most abortion procedures are unsafe; an average of one unsafe abortion occurs for every three live births. (Ipas website). A number of different human rights organizations are working with the citizenry, state health departments, and pro-abortion organizations to change the existing laws. In Latin America millions of abortions are performed annually, normally in unsafe and covert conditions. The procedure is done secretly, sometimes by the pregnant woman herself, because they are illegal. Chile and El Salvador impose criminal penalties for abortion in all circumstances including the safety of the mothers life. Nearly every other country in the region has extremely restrictive abortion laws that include exceptions permitting abortion in certain narrow circumstances, such as where the life or health of the woman is in danger, or where the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. Cuba, the regional anomaly, has made elective abortion available since the mid-1960s. (Mariner, 2005). The situation in each country is relatively more or less restrictive. For example, in Mexico the situation is even more complicated due to a federal system that places the regulation of abortion in the hands of state governments. Thus, each state is different. Some states have passed relatively progressive laws. Local authorities in Mexico City amended the penal code in 2000 to liberalize abortion rules where the woman's health is at risk or fetal defects exist. It also reduced ...

5 Halloween Party Ideas for Students - EssaySupply.com

5 Halloween Party Ideas for Students 5 Halloween Party Ideas for Students Halloween is the best time of year! Wouldn't it be great if we could turn Thanksgiving into Halloween 2.0? What better idea is there than to throw a great Halloween party for your friends. That's right! We aren't just here to help students who ask 'help me write my paper'. We're also here to help students have as much fun as possible. Check out these great Halloween Party Ideas for students! 1. Throw a Geeky Theme Party Are you and your friends part of any fun yet geeky fandoms? Embrace your inner nerd and throw a themed Halloween party. All you have to do is pick something you love and build a party around it. Harry Potter, Doctor Who, Minions, My Little Pony, Steven Universe, Orange is the New Black, The Walking Dead, and Supernatural are all sure to be popular themes this year. 2. Send Your Friends Out on a Halloween Scavenger Hunt Have fun creating a list of Halloween themed items for your friends to find and spooky tasks for them to complete. Just be sure to keep things on the right side of the law. If you aren't sure about what to add to your list, here are few suggestions: Take a selfie in a grave yard Buy a can of pumpkin flavored beer Call a local radio station and get them to play a fun Halloween song Find the most elaborately decorated yard in town Get your picture taken with somebody in a costume Another option is to turn your scavenger hunt into a treasure hunt. In this version, you give party goers a list of clues and puzzles. As they solve each one, it gets them closer and closer to the grand prize. 3. Murder Mystery Dinner You'll need a few friends to serve as actors in order to pull this off, but if you plan things right, your guests will never forget the great party that you threw. You'll need to think of   a crime, and assign roles to victims, perpetrators, and witnesses. Throw together a great meal, and then see which of your friends is the best detective. 4. Movie Marathon The beauty of this party idea is that it is so versatile. If you are looking for a last minute Haloween party idea, this is perfect. All you need is a decent TV set, some DVDs, and a few snacks. You can get your party going in just a couple of hours. If you want to put together something a bit more elaborate, you can fix some Haloween themed snacks, decorate your place, and carefully select movies based on a theme. Maybe a marathon of zombie movies, some foreign horror films, or some campy monster movies from the 1950s? 5. Have a Costume Contest Have a costume contest, but don't make it too easy for your guests. After all, anybody can buy a great costume. Consider instituting a rule that all costumes must be homemade. If you want to make sure that everybody is a winner, why not create a few categories... Strangest Costume Best Costume Based on an Internet Meme Best Literary Character Geekiest Costume Sexiest Costume Spookiest Costume Costume that was   Most Likely Designed by an Engineering Student The Clearly Last Minute Costume Award

Wireless Networks and Pervasive Computing SLP Research Paper

Wireless Networks and Pervasive Computing SLP - Research Paper Example RMTP gives loss-less deliveries of bulk data. A cheap way of connecting applications for messaging but not always reliable, a business could use it as long as the applications are not mission critical and time delays are acceptable. Stated by Meital, et al (2003). 2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The protocol is used on the transport layer of the OSI model. It is a reliable transport layer. Extract: When we say that TCP is "connection-oriented" we mean that there is a procedure that is followed for two communicating end points to exchange data. The TCP connection allows TCP to tailor each byte stream transfer, and maintain the state of that transfer, for each pair of communicating end points. Any given host might have many simultaneous TCP connections, each one having different characteristics, such as the segment size, the timeout (which will be explained), the window size (also to be explained), etc. A specific TCP connection is defined by a socket pair, where a socket is the IP address and port number on one of the communicating points, and the port number identifies the application process on that end point. The port number serves as part of the interface between TCP and the application layer, by identifying which process within a particular host a segment is associated with. As stated by Koren (2011). TCP helps businesses with their network connections, as it is very reliable normally, although it cannot take delays as can RMTP, it is an industry standard used by many businesses in their networks, its problems are known. A business should know a lot about its costs on staffing and equipment using this protocol. 3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses as the underlying system, IP. It’s used for application to application messaging without too many protocol mechanisms involved; it is unreliable, as it does not use acknowledgements in the same way as TCP does. It does not order the messages or provide data flow control. UDP messages are

Tangle wood Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tangle wood - Case Study Example The company is a chain of retail stores that stocks various items that include home decor items, electronic appliances, and clothing. The company’s target market consists of the upper class, middle class, and even the budget customers. According to Heneman et al., the company derives its competitive advantage from its outdoor theme and the large camping section in each store, and even the design concepts of each store (34). Since 1975 up to now, the company has witnessed tremendous growth that has enabled it to operate more than 240 stores located across the United States and this growth has equally been represented by an increase in the number of employees as well as the increased profitability of the company. This present case analysis of the Tanglewood Company will analyze the turnover problem that has being experienced in the company. Secondly, it will analyze how this problem might be tackled, the necessary actions that should be taken to solve the problem, and how the av ailable options will be evaluated. Turnover at the Tanglewood stores The human resource department at an organization such as Tangelwood Company is mandated to undertake the task of workforce retention or to ensure that employee turnover is at a minimum level. According to Heneman et al., workforce retention is mainly emphasized in order to reduce cost of continually hiring new workers and to ensure there is continuity in the organization. This is to say that turnover at the Tangleowood stores was a major problem that could possibly affect the quality of service at the stores, since staff had to be hired periodically and even before, they could master their roles well and even get to know the customers, they would leave the company. This high rate of turnover of staffs at the company meant that the store managers had to regularly use financial resources and valuable time to train the new staffs (43-45). Sims was of the view that an organization, which has a high turnover of employee s, is not financially sound or the management and in particular, the human resource management is poor and lacks proficiency. Therefore, a strategic human resource management at the Tanglewood Company would implement appropriate strategies to ensure that employees are comfortable in the work place and every aspect of the stores favors them, which will make them feel encouraged to continue working for the organization (121-125). Solving the turnover problem at Tanglewood Company It has been noted above that there needs to be implementation of appropriate strategies that will ensure staffs are encouraged to work at the Tanglewood stores for a longer duration. With reference to the writings by Sims, it is noted that one of the ways through which to lower employee turnover is by ensuring that the staffs have an opportunity to grow within the company and this is achieved by reserving promotion spots for the company’s current workforce (93). This strategy will encourage the current workforce to stay in the company as they await their chance to be promoted to the next level where the salary and benefits would increase. Heneman et al. supported this strategy by stating that in most cases employees leave a company because of limited opportunities for growth and so they look for other companies that will enable them to grow in terms of their career and even enjoy better remuneration (56-58). The other related strategy is offering training programs to the staffs, which sharpen their skills as well as improve their competency level. Through human resource development, employees become more devoted to the company and they have a feeling that they owe the company, because of the training that it has been offered to them. The other strategic option for solving the turnove

Life of Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

Life of Maya Angelou Essay Maya Angelou was born an African American. One would feel the agony she went through to be born as such and in America. Her grandmother was raped and bore a child; this child later came to be her mother. Similar to the ferocity her grandmother experienced, she was raped as a child by her mother’s boyfriend who was later on killed by her uncles. Because of this, she didn’t speak for almost six years afraid that her words had killed the man. This must be the dawn of her path to being a writer, realizing that words are powerful. If it could kill then it could give life as well. When her parents divorced, her grandmother took good care of her and her brother Bailey, Jr. and it was him who called her Maya. She became many things: a dancer, a cable car operator, a singer, a waitress, and where she flourished, a writer. The turn of her career came when she went to Egypt and Ghana. She went back to America to support Malcolm X’s Organization of African American Unity but he was assassinated. The struggle of the race continued as she supported Martin Luther King, Jr. who was also assassinated defending the African American cause, this made Maya Angelou devastated. She never stopped working for the emancipation of the African Americans and continued writing for equal rights and liberty. And so, in 1993, she read On the Pulse of Morning,’ at President William Jefferson Clintons inauguration at the White House. Her words are valuable to the nation. Her words influence men of power. Her life is interesting which produced works that are priceless to the American people most especially to the African Americans of whom she dedicated her efforts to for their emancipation. Angelou’s style of writing categorized her works in the genre of autobiographical fiction because of her writing styles in dialogues, characterization, development of theme, setting, plot and language. But for her, these are simply autobiographies. She speaks through her writing what she has learned or learning out of life. In her interview with Mike Schneider in Bloomberg TV, she talked to all women as her daughters for her book, â€Å"Letter to My Daughter†. She speaks to them how a woman surpasses an incident in life as she would, given a similar situation. She writes to all the women as her daughters, sharing with them her story like she was one with them. In the poem, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Birds Sing†, one would feel between the lines how an African American feels in the land called America. The words are simple and yet powerful in the sense that it deeply triggers emotions from the reader. These are deep sentiments of an enslaved race, wanting to be free but â€Å"the bird’s wings are clipped†. Feelings of being held while the other birds are free: is something that she has undergone while the whites enjoy the liberty of being part of their race. A critic named Lupton, considered Angelou’s writings as autobiographies for they contain the elements of such: written by a single author, chronological, and they contain character, technique and them. Although, there are parts that are fictional, the elements necessary for an autobiography are present. Angelou has the tendency to go to the direction against the convention of what an autobiography is. She used the first person singular, â€Å"I† in talking about â€Å"we†. She is placed among the African American autobiographists but other writers insist that she has created a different kind of interpretation of the autobiographical form. The book, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†, became an acclaim containing the sentiments of the black people. She wrote it out of a challenge by Robert Loomis, her editor, for her to write â€Å"high art†. African American literature is more challenged in such that the authors have to agree about the status of their writings on whether it’s â€Å"high art†. O’Neale considers Angelou’s poetry a â€Å"more expected ghetto expressiveness† and she also avoids a monolithic Black language. The bird was used as metaphor that is struggling to set itself free from its cage. The cage that incarcerates the creature represents â€Å"oppression† of the African American people. It must be emphasized as well that Angelou doesn’t intend to isolate the white people. She wanted to promote the relevance of diligence so as to change the concept of laziness among African Americans. At the latter part of the 1960s, one of her goals was to create a book that satisfied the criteria, â€Å"organic unity†. According to English literature scholar Valerie Sayers, her poetry and prose are similar because of the episodes which are done like a series of short stories, but they do not follow a chronology of events. Her prose and poems are both in â€Å"direct voice†, which are characterized by steady rhythms with lyrical patterns that use figures of speech (similes and metaphors). Hagen has mentioned that Angelou’s works were influenced by the African American community’s literary and oral tradition. She uses the â€Å"blues† music and literary characters in testifying about her life and hardships, with the use of metaphors, rhythms, and intonations. Angelou’s one of the most important themes are â€Å"kinship†, this has something to do with her parents abandonment of her and her brother, her relationship with her son, husbands and lovers all throughout her books. She discusses the value of family relationships of how it can affect development of a person. She spoke of her paternal grandmother who prophesied of her being a teacher when she intentionally went mute. Telling her that she would be a teacher someday but how could that happen if she does not speak. In most of her books, â€Å"motherhood† is predominantly manifested based on her experiences as a single mother, a daughter, and a granddaughter. Like in the book, â€Å"Letter to My Daughter†, she dedicated this book to all women pondering on their life experiences. She delivered words of wisdom to soothe and give directions to their souls. When asked if she would say the same things to her son or sons, she said it would be different. She would never know how it is to be a man. If she would write something for her son/sons, it would be through the perspective of a woman. Her plot often surrounds in this motif – mother child. â€Å"The woman who survives intact and happy must be at once tender and tough. † Maya Angelou, Wouldnt Take Nothing For My Journey Now (1994) She is an embodiment of strength and wisdom. This is where she gets her tenets from the experiences she has gained from childhood up to the present which molded her to become a woman whom people listen to. For Scholar Mary Burgher, African American women autobiographers have rejected the stereotyping of roles as â€Å"breeder and matriarch† of their kind and they are being presented as â€Å"creative and personally fulfilling†. Maya Angelou also wanted to deliver the message that women are more than the purpose of bringing forth children. Women are valuable beings in society as much as men are. In her books, women are winners and are brilliant who have overcome hindrances of racial discrimination. She has been influenced greatly by her relationship with her grandmother who died early in her third autobiography, â€Å"Singin’ and Swingin’ and Getting’ Merry Like Christmas†. Momma (Angelou’s grandmother), is quoted in the whole book. I write because I am a Black woman, listening attentively to her people. Maya Angelou, 1984[87] She has greatly contributed to the emancipation of the black people in America working alongside with Malcom X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Went through devastation because of their deaths but continued on the struggle of her people. She continued to express the pains she goes through as a black woman through her music and poems. Using her gift in expressing through words her thoughts and struggles, unified the very same sentiments of all the black people in America. Her experiences especially from childhood gave her the foundation she needed to become who she is now. Everything that transpired in her life was a message she depicted in all her books. She resisted racial biases and protested outright to effect change in American society. She mentioned in her interviews when asked if she was angry, she said, â€Å"I am angry but I am not bitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , reiterating that anger was necessary to express indignation to the unjust treatment towards the black people. She emphasized, however, that she is not bitter. There is a difference between those two. She used anger to advance the cause of African Americans but made sure there is no bitterness in her heart. Works Cited Hagen, L. (1997). Heart of a Woman, Mind of a Writer, and Soul of a Poet: A Critical Analysis of the Writings of Maya Angelou. Lanham, Maryland: University Press. Lauret, M. (1994). Liberating Literature: Feminist fiction in America. New York: Routledge. ONeale, S. (1984). Reconstruction of the Composite Self: New Images of Black Women in Maya Angelous Continuing Autobiography. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Violence In America :: essays research papers

Violence in America Violence in America’s society is definitely a major problem. This problem can be traced back as far as fetal development. It seems that in most cases of bad treatment, the families come from poverty or bad neighborhood areas. The whole main purpose of this speaker was to develop a good understanding on why most of the violent crimes occur in today’s hurting society. It is not rocket science to realize that most angry violent acts are due to a disturbed child or individual that lacked attention, love or care. Violence is not a new problem, scientists are just finding out new facts about how it starts and how it can be prevented. The early developmental stages of babies is key to starting a good life long learning experience. This is the certain time in which their brains are really trying to make progress and grow. Babies need that love and sense of closeness to obtain a healthy start. Obviously mothers who smoke, drink or do drugs while pregnant can cause serious health problems to their fetus. Also when they are young most of the time these problems persist and do not get any better. This causes children to have the chance to obtain the same lifestyles as of the parents. Another instance that can hurt a child’s well being is when they are real little around the ages of two to about six. Kids at this age need to be taught and especially loved. When children are neglected or left they do not get the support that they truly need to keep the growing process up to date. This is definitely one reason that kids are committing crimes at younger ages. If people feel that they are responsible enough to have babies, they should at least take the time to help them have good lifestyles. We all know that kids for the most part are mean and form little cliques and this is a major reason that kids are committing crimes. They feel that if they can’t get attention the way that is right, they will get it almost any way they can. It also ties back the kids early childhood. A lack of love and understanding at young ages causes some children to not know how to interact with other kids. On the same token they can be made fun of daily causing them to resent the world and not have any cares. Violence In America :: essays research papers Violence in America Violence in America’s society is definitely a major problem. This problem can be traced back as far as fetal development. It seems that in most cases of bad treatment, the families come from poverty or bad neighborhood areas. The whole main purpose of this speaker was to develop a good understanding on why most of the violent crimes occur in today’s hurting society. It is not rocket science to realize that most angry violent acts are due to a disturbed child or individual that lacked attention, love or care. Violence is not a new problem, scientists are just finding out new facts about how it starts and how it can be prevented. The early developmental stages of babies is key to starting a good life long learning experience. This is the certain time in which their brains are really trying to make progress and grow. Babies need that love and sense of closeness to obtain a healthy start. Obviously mothers who smoke, drink or do drugs while pregnant can cause serious health problems to their fetus. Also when they are young most of the time these problems persist and do not get any better. This causes children to have the chance to obtain the same lifestyles as of the parents. Another instance that can hurt a child’s well being is when they are real little around the ages of two to about six. Kids at this age need to be taught and especially loved. When children are neglected or left they do not get the support that they truly need to keep the growing process up to date. This is definitely one reason that kids are committing crimes at younger ages. If people feel that they are responsible enough to have babies, they should at least take the time to help them have good lifestyles. We all know that kids for the most part are mean and form little cliques and this is a major reason that kids are committing crimes. They feel that if they can’t get attention the way that is right, they will get it almost any way they can. It also ties back the kids early childhood. A lack of love and understanding at young ages causes some children to not know how to interact with other kids. On the same token they can be made fun of daily causing them to resent the world and not have any cares.

You Only Live Once

Everybody these days say, â€Å"You only live once† but have you ever taken the time to look at why? Kids, teenagers, and a few adults that live by the modern terms pursue their actions upon this saying. Each individual is different, we all think differently based upon what we do, how we were raised, the culture were brought up in, and other factors that relate to an individual’s life. Not everyone is going to think why we live once or if we live once do we get an after life? Some cultures actually believe in re-birth but that is a different subject.My opinion toward this question is based on my beliefs and the actions that I have taken to achieve to this mental status. I believe we all live once to attain a successful endeavor that not only provides the necessities for yourself but can facilitate to those that are near you. Mistakes are bound to happen when pursuing this successful role toward â€Å"only living once† but knowing the difference between knowing if a mistake will happen and having a mistake happen during your actions that take place is different.For example you could be studying for an exam in math and English but decided to study for math because you assume you will do more poorly at it than English because you have always been average in Math and English is not a problem, so as test day comes and you take the math test you seem to not have a problem but as you took the English exam you take longer because you had not equally balanced the study time and had not focused on what the exam was really going to be so you did poorly on the subject you thought you’d do well in, that is a mistake that was not done without knowing.An example of just knowing the mistake is when your hanging out with your group of friends and your offered a substance you are not suppose to abuse and have thought about a wrong factor that may interfere with your actions if you follow the steps of your peers but even as that thought came across you do it anyways leading you to get in trouble by the authorities an revealing the mistake you knew that would happen.Knowing the difference between the two is crucial because depending upon the situation and how the mistake was approached your more than likely to learn from it, making yourself a better person and achieving your endeavor. But having a repetition of the same mistakes leads nowhere and keeps you in the same spot having success that lied in your hands be in someone who well deserves it. No doubt you may live once whether you make the simplest istake or not but living in happiness is the key to fortune and success. Think about life being as one and making the best of what you have leads to many good things so even if you think about â€Å"you only live life once† think about how you would like to live it. Think about what success means to you and be fortunate to those that reside by you because smart decisions will be well put off in the near future as life is a gr owing process.

Contemporary Management Essay

The Classical Management approach attempted to apply logic and scientific methods to management of complex organisations, such as factories. It assumed that there was â€Å"one best way† to manage an enterprise. Classical Management comprises three different approaches: Scientific Management, which represents Frederick W Taylor’s work, developed scientific principles of management, focusing on the individual, rather than the team and aimed to improve efficiency through production-line time studies, breaking each job down into its components and designing the quickest and best methods of performing each component. He also encouraged employers to reward productivity. Employees did the physical labour, managers did the planning and organising. According to Taylor, employees were motivated by money. From Taylor’s research emerged time studies, work studies and industrial engineering, making an important contribution to the central procedures of many organisations.  · Bureaucratic Management emerged from the work of Max Weber, who developed an â€Å"ideal model† organisation, hierarchical in structure, governed by a set of impersonal, formal rules and policies. Weber believed this was the most efficient way to organise and govern an enterprise.  · Henri Fayol’s Administrative Management assumed that 14 general principles of management could be applied to any situation or circumstance: 1. division of work 2. authority 3. discipline 4. unity of command 5. unity of direction 6. subordination of individual interest to the common good 7. remuneration 8. centralisation 9. hierarchy 10. order 11. equity 12. stability of staff 13. initiative 14. espirit de corps Fayol divided managerial activities into five functions: planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling. This idea set the basis for many modern management techniques stressing rational central planning. The Human Relations approach, focusing on work relationships as the key to improving workplace productivity, was inspired by the Hawthorne studies performed by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger. They studied the effects of physical working conditions on employee productivity and fatigue. These studies suggested that leaders are able to positively influence employee motivation and productivity by showing concern for employee relationships. Mayo discovered that a work group would establish its own informal group performance norm, which represented what it considered to be a fair level of performance. The work group would convince ratebusters to slow down and slackers to work faster. Mayo’s conclusion that â€Å"work is a group activity† had a profound influence on modern individual management. Two key aspects of the human relations approach are employee motivation and leadership style. Pay can motivate only lower level needs and once those are satisfied, non-monetary factors such as praise, recognition, and job characteristics motivate human behaviour. Fayol’s Management approach emphasised maximum efficiency and productivity through standard operating procedures; viewed money as the one true motivator for workers; stressed the need for managerial control; and viewed organisations as machines. Taylor’s Scientific approach over-simplified the issues, emphasised the individual rather than the team and was hostile to trade unions and labour organisations. Whereas Fayol and Taylor both emphasised the production process and adjusted humans to this process, Mayo’s Human Relations approach emphasised the coordination of human and social elements in an organisation through consultation, participation, communication and leadership. However, the equation merely replaced â€Å"rational economic man† with â€Å"emotional social man† and this approach merely shifted the blame for poor performance from structural to personal attitudes and emotions. Both approaches held that there was â€Å"one best way† to manage all organisations. Assess the relevance of Classical Management theorists to the management of contemporary organisations. The modern assembly line pours out finished products faster than Taylor could ever have imagined. This production efficiency is just one legacy of Scientific Management. Its efficiency techniques have been applied to many tasks in non-industrial organisations, ranging from fast-food service to the training of surgeons. However, Taylor’s emphasis on productivity and speed placed undue pressures on employees to perform at faster and faster levels. This led to exploitation and resulted in more workers joining unions. Modern management is still viewed as a process that enables organisations to achieve their objectives by planning, organising and controlling their resources, as advocated by Fayol, but views gaining the commitment of their mployees through motivation as a key element. Hierarchical organisation (introduced by Fayol) has become the dominant, traditional mode of structure in large corporations and civil/public service departments. In some cases this â€Å"mechanistic† model works best, however, the emphasis is on efficiency and control, whereas a greater balance between people and performance is generally considered the more des irable approach nowadays. Although the Classical Management (vertical/hierarchical) approach dominated organisational structure for decades, the Human Relations Movement (horizontal/inter-departmental), encouraging adaptation to external changes, seems the more relevant approach for modern management. Contemporary management builds on the Classical and Behavioural approaches and goes beyond them. The Systems approach of â€Å"different strokes for different folks† finally put the â€Å"one best way† theory to bed and has dominated modern organisational analysis since the 1980s. The Contingency approach views the organisation as an organism, segmenting as it grows, each segment specialising in knowledge and activity, all of which must cope with their external environment and integrate harmoniously. The main difference between Classical and Contemporary approaches is the modern belief that it is futile to search for â€Å"one best way† to manage an organisation. Instead, managers must take into account the internal and external environment to match the appropriate management practices to the surrounding circumstances for an effective outcome.

The Use of Dreams in Epic Form essays

The Use of Dreams in Epic Form essays Present in most epics, dreams are used by Homer and Virgil in the Iliad, Odyssey, and the Aeneid to catalyze action in the plot. These epic dreams serve a vital purpose to the bard in his formulation of the epic and to the audience in their understanding of the epic. Inspired by gods, formulated in the minds of men, and acted upon to further the plot, these dreams bring about great changes in the course of the epic in which they are contained. Using these aspects of dreams to examine the concept of the dream among the early Greeks and Romans, we have to rely mainly on the literature that has survived to arrive at any conclusions about their dreams. However, reliance on literature, such as epic poetry, presents difficulties. Drama and literature are reflections of society, but not exact ones. Using American television as an example, there is very little accuracy in television as a reflection of American society. Keeping this tendency for inaccuracy in mind, the Greek view of dr eams that has developed from the study of dreams in ancient literature is that the dreams present information that otherwise would not be know to both the character and the audience, clarify problems, and inspire action (Robbins 3). In addition to dreams only being reflections of society, the characters of ancient literature are warriors, kings, and gods, which tells us very little about the lives of ordinary people. In spite of these difficulties, dreams in literature do suggest important ideas about the way dreams were conceived by these ancient peoples, and they do indicate the intent of the bard when he used them in his poems (Robbins 3). Looking at these dreams, such as that of Penelope in the Odyssey and Achilles in the Illiad, we are led to several conclusions: the first is that dreams were perceived as having meaning; they were not considered to be nonsensical, trivial, or just random ideas. Second, these meanings were interpretable, which mean...

Senator Robert Byrd and the Ku Klux Klan

Senator Robert Byrd and the Ku Klux Klan During the early 1940s, Robert Byrd of West Virginia was a high-ranking member of the Ku Klux Klan. From 1952 to 2010, the same Robert Byrd of West Virginia served in the United States Congress and eventually won the praises of civil rights advocates. How did he do that? The Robert Byrd of Congress Born in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, on Nov. 20, 1917, Robert Carlyle Byrd was orphaned at age 1 after the death of his mother. Raised by his aunt and uncle in a rural West Virginia coal mining town, Byrd credited his experiences growing up in a coal-mining family with shaping his amazing political career. The legendary congressional career of Robert â€Å"Bob† Byrd began on November 4, 1952, when the people of West Virginia elected him to his first term in the U.S. House of Representatives. A New Deal Democrat, Byrd served six years in the House before being elected to the U.S. Senate in 1958. He would continue to serve in the Senate for the next 51 years, until his death at age 92 on June 28, 2010. With a total 57 years on Capitol Hill, Byrd was the longest-serving Senator in United States history and, at the time of his death, the longest-serving member in the history of the U.S. Congress. Byrd was the last member of the Senate to have served during the Dwight Eisenhower presidency and the last member of Congress to have served during the presidency of Harry Truman. He also held the distinction of being the only West Virginian to have served in both houses of the state’s legislature and in both chambers of the U.S. Congress. As one of the Senate’s most powerful members, Byrd served as secretary of the Senate Democratic Caucus from 1967 to 1971 and as Senate Majority Whip from 1971 to 1977. Over the next 33 years, he would hold leadership positions including Senate Majority Leader, Senate Minority Leader, and President pro tempore of the Senate. In four separate terms as President pro tempore, Byrd stood third in the line of presidential succession, after the Vice President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Along with his lengthy tenure, Byrd was known for his vast array of political skills, his often fierce advocacy for the supremacy of the legislative branch, and his ability to secure federal funds for the State of West Virginia. Byrd Joins then Leaves the Ku Klux Klan Working as a butcher in the early 1940s, a young Robert Byrd formed a new chapter of the Ku Klux Klan in Sophia, West Virginia. In his 2005 book, Robert C. Byrd: Child of the Appalachian Coalfields, Byrd recalled how his ability to quickly recruit 150 of his friends to the group impressed a top Klan official who told him, â€Å"You have a talent for leadership, Bob ... The country needs young men like you in the leadership of the nation.† Byrd later recalled, Suddenly lights flashed in my mind! Someone important had recognized my abilities!† Byrd led the growing chapter and was eventually elected Exalted Cyclops of the local Klan unit. In a 1944 letter to segregationist Mississippi Senator Theodore G. Bilbo, Byrd wrote, â€Å"I shall never fight in the armed forces with a Negro by my side. Rather I should die a thousand times, and see Old Glory trampled in the dirt never to rise again than to see this beloved land of ours become degraded by race mongrels, a throwback to the blackest specimen from the wilds.† As late as 1946, Byrd wrote to the Klan’s Grand Wizard stating, â€Å"The Klan is needed today as never before, and I am anxious to see its rebirth here in West Virginia and in every state in the nation.† However, Byrd would soon see fit to put the Klan far behind him. Running for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1952, Byrd said of the Klan, â€Å"After about a year, I became disinterested, quit paying my dues, and dropped my membership in the organization. During the nine years that have followed, I have never been interested in the Klan.† Byrd said he had initially joined the Klan for the â€Å"excitement† and because the organization was opposed to communism. In interviews with The Wall Street Journal and Slate magazine held in 2002 and 2008, Byrd called joining the Klan â€Å"the greatest mistake I ever made.† To young people interested in becoming involved in politics, Byrd warned, â€Å"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Dont get that albatross around your neck. Once youve made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena.† In his autobiography, Byrd wrote that he had become a KKK member because he â€Å"was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision a jejune and immature outlook seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions,† adding, â€Å"I know now I was wrong. Intolerance had no place in America. I apologized a thousand times ... and I dont mind apologizing over and over again. I cant erase what happened †¦ it has emerged throughout my life to haunt and embarrass me and has taught me in a very graphic way what one major mistake can do to one’s life, career, and reputation.† Byrd on Racial Integration: A Change of Mind In 1964, Senator Robert Byrd led a filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He also opposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as well as most of the anti-poverty programs of President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society initiative. In the debate against anti-poverty legislation, Byrd stated, â€Å"we can take the people out of the slums, but we cannot take the slums out of the people.† But time and politics can change minds. While he first voted against civil rights legislation, Byrd would later hire one of the first black congressional aides on Capitol Hill in 1959 and initiate the racial integration of the United States Capitol Police for the first time since Reconstruction. The 1970’s saw a complete reversal in Sen. Byrd’s former stance against racial integration. In 1993, Byrd told CNN that he had regretted his filibuster and vote against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and would take them back if he could. In 2006, Byrd told CSPAN that the death of his teenage grandson in a 1982 traffic accident had radically changed his views. â€Å"The death of my grandson caused me to stop and think,† he said, explaining that event made him realize that African-Americans loved their children as much as he loved his own. While some of his fellow conservative Democrats opposed the 1983 bill creating the Martin Luther King Jr. Day national holiday, Byrd recognized the importance of the day to his legacy, telling his staff, â€Å"I am the only one in the Senate who must vote for this bill.† However, Byrd was the lone Senator to  vote against the confirmations of Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas, the only two African-Americans nominated to the United States Supreme Court. In opposing the 1967 confirmation of Marshall, Byrd cited his suspicion that Marshall had ties to communists or the communist party. In the case of Clarence Thomas in 1991, Byrd stated that he had been â€Å"offended by the injection of racism† into the hearings when Thomas called opposition to his confirmation a form of â€Å"high-tech lynching of uppity blacks.† Byrd called Marshall’s comment a â€Å"diversionary tactic,† adding â€Å"I thought we were past that stage.† Byrd also supported Anita Hill in her accusations of sexual harassment by Thomas and was joined by 45 other Democrats in voting against Thomas’ confirmation. When interviewed by Tony Snow of FOX News on March 4, 2001, Byrd said of racial relations, â€Å"Theyre much, much better than theyve ever been in my lifetime †¦ I think we talk about race too much. I think those problems are largely behind us ... I just think we talk so much about it that we help to create somewhat of an illusion. I think we try to have good will. My old mom told me, Robert, you cant go to heaven if you hate anybody. We practice that.† NAACP Praises Byrd In the end, the political legacy of Robert Byrd went from admitting his former membership in the Ku Klux Klan to winning the accolades of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). For the 2003–2004 session of Congress, Byrd was one of only 16 Senators rated by the NAACP as being 100% in line with the group’s position on critical legislation. In June 2005, Byrd sponsored a successful bill dedicating an additional $10,000,000 in federal funding for the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial in Washington, D.C., remarking that â€Å"With the passage of time, we have come to learn that his Dream was the American Dream, and few ever expressed it more eloquently.† When Byrd died at age 92 on June 28, 2010, the NAACP released a statement saying that over the course of his life he â€Å"became a champion for civil rights and liberties† and â€Å"came to consistently support the NAACP civil rights agenda.†Ã‚   Robert C. Byrd Biographical Fast Facts Full Name: Robert Carlyle Byrd (born Cornelius Calvin Sale Jr.)Known for: - American politician - Longest serving member of U.S. Senate in American history (over 51 years)Born:   November 20, 1917, in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina,Died: June 28, 2010 (at age 92), in Merrifield, VirginiaParents: Cornelius Calvin Sale Sr. and Ada Mae (Kirby)Education:- Beckley College- Concord University- University of Charleston- Marshall University (BA)- George Washington University - American University (Juris Doctor)Major Published Writings - 2004. â€Å"Losing America: Confronting A Reckless and Arrogant Presidency.† ISBN 0-393-05942-1.- 2004. â€Å"We Stand Passively Mute: Senator Robert C. Byrds Iraq Speeches.† ISBN 0-9755749-0-6.- 2005. â€Å"Robert C. Byrd: Child of the Appalachian Coalfields.† ISBN 1-933202-00-9.- 2008. â€Å"Letter to a New President: Commonsense Lessons for Our Next Leader.† ISBN 0-312-38302-9.Wife: Erma JamesChildren: Daughters Mona Byrd Fa temi and Marjorie Byrd MooreNotable Quotation: â€Å"Ones family is the most important thing in life. I look at it this way: One of these days Ill be over in a hospital somewhere with four walls around me. And the only people wholl be with me will be my family.† References Byrd, Robert C. (2005). Robert C. Byrd: Child of the Appalachian Coalfields. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press. Pianin, Eric. A Senators Shame: Byrd, in His New Book, Again Confronts Early Ties to KKK. The Washington Post, June 18, 2005 King, Colbert I.: Sen. Byrd: The view from Darrells barbershop. The Washington Post, March 2, 2002 What About Byrd?. Slate. December 18, 2002 The Democrats Lott. The Wall Street Journal. December 12, 2008. Draper, Robert (July 31, 2008). Old as the Hill. GQ. New York, NY. â€Å"Sen. Robert Byrd Discusses His Past and Present†, Inside Politics, CNN, December 20, 1993 Johnson, Scott. Saying Goodbye to a Great One, Weekly Standard, June 1, 2005 Byrd, Robert. Robert Byrd Speaks Out Against the Appointment of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. American Voices, October 14, 1991. NAACP Mourns the Passing of U.S. Senator Robert Byrd. â€Å"Press Room. www.naacp.org., July 7, 2010

Mystery Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mystery Story - Essay Example "Mother, this house has a market value of $80,000. Chad is offering you over 12 times that much. You can easily find a better place to live with less upkeep and a dishwasher." Bud had sat silent for most of the evening since Chad had arrived. Chad had come to talk, but Bud needed to be heard. "Mother this is a chance of a lifetime. Mr. Lewis says that they are ready to cancel the project if you don't move soon You will be left to battle with the neighbors that are angry at you for holding out." Bud Everly apologized to Chad Lewis and broke out the bottle of Cognac that Chad had offered as a gift upon his arrival earlier. Chad Lewis spoke first, "I thought you said you could convince your mother to sell. Bud, you're letting me down and you're letting yourself down. We had an arrangement and your mother can't get in the way of that." As the sun came up the next morning the weather was as crisp as apple cider and hot as a Roman spa. Detective Sonny Broshears had gotten the call shortly after 10 AM. The dispatcher had simply said that old lady Everly had died. Fell down the stairs. The TV repairman found her when he arrived to fix the satellite system. Paramedics were already on the scene. Though he was vaguely familiar with the isolated house on the outskirts of town, he had never met the widow. Sonny brushed the bagel crumbs from his jacket as he drove down the long lane. He mentally noted that the house was tidy and compact with a well-manicured lawn as green as the love of money. The summer heat had erased all traces of last night's storm and as he meandered the gravel drive Sonny pulled in behind the ambulance and walked toward the house. A paramedic was waiting in the yard and Sonny asked, without introduction, "Has another officer been on the scene" "No, the Examiner is on his way but your the first cop to show," the EMT droned. Sonny studied the drive and thought out loud, "The whole area is wet. What was she doing Watering the lawn" The paramedic offered, "No, they've probably got sprinklers. Probably automatic. They were off when we got here at about 10 O'clock." "Well, who was parked in that spot there that's still dry It's about the size of a police cruiser. Are you sure nobody has left" Sonny asked. "You're it, the one and only." The paramedic seemed disinterested and Sonny went inside. He met a second emergency worker at the top of the stairs. The paramedic informed Sonny that the body was still at the bottom of the stairs and it looked like she had taken a pretty nasty tumble. She was dead before they had even arrived. Sonny glanced at the morning paper, still unread, lying on the kitchen counter. "I'm Detective Broshears, in charge of the investigation. Why don't you guys just go outside and wait for the Examiner. In the meantime, don't touch anything." The widow Everly's crumpled body lay in an unnatural heap at the foot of the stairs. Sonny studied the

Acting and Performance in Films Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Acting and Performance in Films - Term Paper Example The profound performance by late Hollywood actor Heath Ledger puts life into the movie in a spectacular way that makes the actor and the movie both memorable to the audience. The social commentaries on the film contain few issues that are the key factors of controversy in this movie. The theme of romantic relationships between the two men is a primal point of focus in this film, which seems to rupture the conventional definition of relationship. The relationship that had sprouted long back between the two men could not come to its full bloom due to several social barriers. Ennis Del Mar (Heath Ledger) and Jack Twist (Jake Gyllenhaal) get married to, two women – Alma Beers (Michelle Williams) and Laureen Newsome (Anne Hathaway). The strain and ambiguity in relationship is clear from this action of the two men. Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist are two farm associates, who are hired to take care of the thousands of grazing sheep, but these two men are extremely distinct by nature. Jack Twist is sparkling and emotional, while Ennis hardly talks, or frequently mumbles somewhat in a grumpy way. The ambience of a cold night, a little alcohol acts as the stimulant factors and they come across a sexual soiree that none of them ever expected. At a very young age, Ennis father had taught him about a firm example that tells the dire consequences that homosexuals face in the West. Therefore Ennis considers this incident as a one-time phenomenon. Jack is more certain about the feelings of this relationship and he is ready to explore them further. After their summer work comes to an end, they depart in their different ways and carry on their individual family lives. Ennis gets wedded and has two kids. Jack returns to the rodeo. After four years, they get back to each other, and are instantly set to revital ize their summer liaison. "Going fishing on Brokeback

Microfinance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Microfinance - Dissertation Example The foremost significance of microfinance institutions lies in their pro-poor feature Most of the developing nations are characterised by a majority of the population dwelling in poverty-stricken rural areas. Hence, microfinance institutions help to bail them out of dire situations arising out of low investment potentials and opportunities mirrored through a poor economic growth rate. Secondly, the fragile financial systems of developing economies are too poor to confront the risk of lending out to the rural poor; rather, they tend to advance their services to the more organised or formalised sector. Hence, investment lending is indeed negligible for the rural areas in developing economies. Lastly, the rural poor in developing economies often are discouraged to avail lending options in commercial banks, where they need to deposit collateral while taking credit unlike in microfinance institutions, where they are allowed to accept loans collectively that does not expose any single indi vidual to huge liability stakes. In addition to alleviating poverty, reducing inequality of income and generating employment, microfinance institutions also help to boost up economic growths through increased production and reduced dependence on externally produced items (Woller & Parsons, 2008). The situation in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia could be distinguished exclusively as an oil-producing giant that draws almost all of its income from exporting the fuel around the world. However, the rise in economic growth rates has been recorded as 1.25 percent between 1981 and 2000 in contrast to a fall of 2.5 percent in GDP per capita, implying a rising inequality in the distribution of income (Raphaeli, 2003, p. 1). The nation is also characterised by an extremely skewed tax structures favourable mostly for the richer section, while the same cannot be said for the poorer population who derive their incomes out of primary activities such as farming or fishery. The modestly developed financia l sector of Saudi Arabia cannot is quite unfavourable for the rural poor who have to strive hard for loans. Furthermore, the national government exhibits little effort in development of infrastructure in these regions (Islamic Development Bank, 2010, p. 3). These loans could prove to be foundations for setting up of small scale industries conducive for the economic growth and employment generation in the nation. In addition, microfinance institutions could also bail

Is Apple Entry Into The Mobile Telephone Sector Marketing Essay

Is Apple Entry Into The Mobile Telephone Sector Marketing Essay According to Michael Porter (1979), industry is being influenced by five forces. The strategic business manager planning to develop an advantage over rival firms can use this model to better understand the industry plans in which the firm operates. Since iPhone is only offered by single networks such as O2 in UK and ATT in US, customers of other networks will have to wait until their contract expires, or pay an early cancellation fee (typically $200). The average duration of a cell phone contract is 2 years, which means that 25% of consumers plans will expire in the next 6 months. Since a $200 switching fee makes the iPhone very expensive. Apple introduced the device at high price for early adopters to earn abnormal profits and it slashed down iPhone price by 50% for rest of market segment. For Reference, In US When it reduce the price from $599.99 to $399.99 consumer were force to deal with the mobile carrier AT T mobility, in service package ranging from $59.99 to 99.99 per month. But in UK, low amount of inclusive minutes was not competitive. For reference, O2s iPhone deal allowed 200 inclusive minutes for pound 35 versus competitors that offers of 750 minutes in addition to a free phone. Apple reduces its prices or introduces new models for price-sensitive consumers, and its sales could expand considerably. Barriers to Entry/ Threat of New Entrants Ultimately the iPhone is going to face the most competition from imitators who can sell a similar or comparable device at a lower price. Most of these threats are going to come from established players in the cell phone industry (such as LG and Samsung) rather than companies trying to enter the cell phone market. Software companies such as Google and Microsoft may pose a credible threat at entering the cell phone market. Apple not only had to face a number of barriers to entry in the development of the iPhone but they must also worry about potential competitors (Google, Microsoft) overcoming them as well. Economies of Scale Apple already had pre-existing experience in manufacturing mass-market consumer electronics devices, many of which share components of the iPhone; so Apple was not adversely affected by this barrier. New entrants, however, may not have that luxury and the cell phone market is almost defined by its mass-market (which requires mass production and consumption) nature. Product Differentiation The iPhone is significantly different than its competitors product. Apple also has a certain amount of protection through the strength of its brand identity. iPhone launch was extremely different technology from other mobile companies. But to keep product differentiation consistent in long run would be challenge for Apple. Capital Requirements Apple enjoys a slight advantage here, though its an advantage that may be quickly lost. The other cell phone manufacturers have a lot of experience making cell phones, but not necessarily software. So, to most effectively compete with the iPhone they will need to invest significantly in certain areas. And Apple also has a lot of experience making hardware and software, which gives them an advantage to some extent over their competitors. In this sense, Apple itself did not face much problem with this barrier because of their experience creating both software and hardware. Future competitors looking to enter the cell phone market are less likely to have that advantage. Distribution Channels The iPhone will be only available at Apple and single network stores and it is only supported by the Single network such as o2 in UK. They are not able to sell iPhone in cell phone market and also they are making it difficult for people to even purchase the phone. A future entrant into the market may be able to make their product available for multiple carriers and multiple retailers. For instance, iPhone was available through 1300 Apple, O2 and Carphone warehouses shops in UK. Supplier Power The iPhone software that brings all features together and allows the user to interact with the phone in a compelling way. And Apple, of course, developed and owns the software. A producing industry requires raw materials labour, components, and other supplies. This requirement leads to buyer-supplier relationships between the industry and the firms that provide it the raw materials used to create products. Suppliers, if powerful, can exert an influence on the producing industry, such as selling raw materials at a high price to capture some of the industrys profits. But in case of Apple, The Software, Hardware, component is developed and owned by Apple itself. Hence, they have less threat from powerful suppliers. Buyer Power Here you ask yourself how easy it is for buyers to drive prices down. Again, this is driven by the number of buyers, the importance of each individual buyer to your business, the cost to them of switching from your products and services to those of someone else, and so on. Although the iPhones functionality would be attractive to business users, its price is considerably higher than that of Blackberries .This makes enterprise purchases unlikely, since businesses are typically price sensitive. However, the iPhones compelling mix of features makes it attractive to a broad set of cell-phone consumers. The iPhones market is limited by two factors: 1) the high price ($499 for 4 GB) and 2) Apples exclusive US carrier agreement with Cingular (For example AT T, O2).In case of Apple the buyers of the iPhone are somewhat more powerful. Given the relatively high price of the iPhone it remains to be seen whether consumers will pay a high price for Apple iPhone features when their needs may be equally met by cheaper alternatives. Threat of Substitutes A threat from substitutes exists if there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. The iPhone mainly distinguishes itself from competitors over its softwares and hardwares which are driven by a multi-touch screen. Apple claims various patents relating to this technology. However, it is still likely that other players in the market will soon be able to deliver similar products. Synaptics and LG have already disclosed details of coming products which feature touch-screen interfaces, as well. Software companies such as Google and Microsoft may pose a credible threat at entering the cell phone market. Evaluation Being aware of huge competition in mobile phone market, I decided to use porters five forces model to do analysis and based on analysis, I found that there is tough competition for mobile operators who act as both substitutes and new entrant. In the next 3-5 year if we see the industry would be more competitive than today. So many firms will be competing in the market and new firms will be try to come in the market for taking the advantage of profitability, which would reduce the profit of the firms. Consumer will have more choice because of substitution, and they can force the companies to reduce the prices of their product. And the supplier will have the power to raise the price of the raw material because of the high demand on the same time. Word Count: 1,109 words

Anthony Whiteside :: Business and Management Studies

Human resources The human resources are expected to look around and see what jobs need to be done, make sure the company is being advertised and they also deal with applications. They also choose who would be the best to employ by setting tasks for the employees. They make sure that all the staffs have got the appropriate training needed for the job. They talk to employees about wages and the employees have to agree. They make sure the staffs understand what they have to do and encourage them to work harder. Finance The finance area watches how much money goes out and how much money comes in they make sure the company don’t over spend * The finance area is responsible for all the financial documents and the amount spent they also have to understand how the documents work and were they go. * What ever the finance area say the company have to trust them and do what they say. * They have got the task to pay the wages of the staff and making sure there is enough money to pay them. * The finance area is in charge of the loans and bank amount if a firm has borrowed money of the bank to start up a business it would be their job to make sure that it got paid when ever it needs to be paid and their job is to make sure the company doesn’t go into bankruptcy. * The finance area will inform the business when they are spending more money than their making so the firm would close. Operations/production The operations department needs inputs which are then processed to produce an output, this is a product. The overall function of this department is to over see and organise the whole production process. The production department will make decisions including * They decide what materials will be needed. * Where to get the raw materials from and how they are transported. * They decide the amount off raw materials needed. * They also decide how the materials are delivered. * They decide what new equipment will be needed. * How many workers will be needed to carry out the program. * What skills the workers will need. * They are in charge of how the production will be carried out. * How the product will be packaged. * How many products will be produced and how long it should take. Anthony Whiteside Customer service A business will not be able to run if they don’t have customers to buy

Organizational Citizenship Behavior

What is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)? Describe in your own way. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is behavior that goes beyond the basic requirements of the job, is to a large extent   left to one's own discretion, and is largely beneficial to the organization. OCB comes about as a result of job satisfaction. As employees that are highly satisfied with their jobs are more likely to think that they are being treated fairly , therefore trust in the organization and their employer is likely to arise . This then leads employee's to be more willing in helping out during extra hours voluntarily, volunteering for extra job activities, avoiding unnecessary conflict etc†¦ This is OCB. How is OCB different from normal working behavior? OCB is different from normal working behavior in the sense that the â€Å"employee goes out of his normal working behavior to get involved† (Allen, T. D. , 2006 ) into helping others and go beyond the normal expectations of their jobs. As a normal working behavior would be doing the tasks being asked of you and forced upon you as it is in your job description, but OCB differs from normal working behavior as â€Å"OCBs are employee behaviors that, although not critical to the task or job, serve to facilitate organizational functioning† (Lee and Allen, 2002, p 132). If you are a manager, how do you motivate your subordinates to exhibit more OCBs? Use the theories you have learned from different chapters. Firstly I would like to emphasize the importance of OCB to managers and the organization as a whole as successful organizations need employees who will do more than their usual job duties and provide performance that is beyond expectations and as I have mentioned before OCB describe actions in which employees are willing to go above and beyond their prescribed role requirements. Therefore reiterating the belief that these behaviors are correlated with indicators of organizational effectiveness, therefore showing us that OCB's are crucial for managers. Now, how to motivate subordinates to exhibit more OCB's, using Herzberg's two-factor theory that suggests that motivation factors (which include achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth, and work itself) are strongly related to job satisfaction. I can then say that if I was a manager I would have to make the jobs of my employees challenging, exciting , interesting and satisfying as employees who find their jobs to be such things, â€Å"tend to tolerate demanding supervision, avoid complaining, focus more on positive sides, and forgive organization’s minor faults. These kinds of behaviors are typically related to OCB. † (Herzberg et al. ’s 1959) Since hygiene factors are related to an individual’s job dissatisfaction, one can expect that hygiene factors may also influence an individual’s OCB. Therefore as a manager I would focus on placing hygiene factors such as job security, fringe benefits, and good work conditions so that dissatisfaction from the lack of these factors doesn't occur and OCB is therefore encouraged. Allen, T. D. (2006). Rewarding good citizens: The relationship between   citizenship behavior, gender, and organizational rewards. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 120-143. Lee, K. , & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131-142. Herzberg, F. , Mausner, B. , & Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: Wiley.

Bless you

These questions will help us to formulate the objectives and hypothesis of the study: Statement of the Problem The Authors statement of the problem are: How do the Filipinos show their devotion to the Santos Ino? What are the different tittles given to the Santos NIH in the country? What are the traditions of the Filipinos to honor the Santos Infix? How did the devotion spread rapidly n the country?Objectives Of the Study The Authors objectives are: To know how the Filipinos show their love and devotion to the Santos NIH To develop their thoughts about the devotion of the Filipinos how they show their love to the Santos NIH To know the different traditions to honor the Santos NIH in the country To know the different tittles of the Santos NIH in the country. Scope and Limitations This study was conducted at Lice De Lily in the High School Department only. It started on June 2014. It drew up 80 respondents from the given Department. Importance of the StudyThe importance of this study i s the Filipinos' faith to the Child Jesus. It aims to study the traditions, festivals, rituals, different tittles of the Santos NIH and many others. Hypothesis Advantages Know more about the traditions in the Philippines In honor of the Santos NIH Know how much the Filipinos show their love and devotion to the Santos NIH How the Filipinos dress the images of the Child Jesus Disadvantages The wrong dressing of the Santos NIH into other characters.